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Brucellosis

Maltese fever, brucellosis or brucellosis is an animal disease that affects many animals and may then spread to humans in many ways.

A 9-month-old infant received an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) today. Which of the following best describes the immune response expected from this vaccine compared to the oral polio vaccine (OPV)?


A) IPV induces stronger mucosal immunity than OPV

B) IPV and OPV provide equal systemic and mucosal immunity

C) OPV primarily induces mucosal immunity, while IPV induces systemic immunity

D) IPV is superior in generating herd immunity compared to OPV


✅ Correct Answer: C) OPV primarily induces mucosal immunity, while IPV induces systemic immunity


Explanation: OPV is a live-attenuated vaccine that replicates in the gut, inducing strong mucosal (IgA) immunity and reducing viral shedding, which helps in herd immunity. In contrast, IPV is an inactivated vaccine that primarily induces systemic immunity (IgG) but does not provide significant mucosal protection. This distinction is crucial in polio eradication strategies.


📖 Source:

● World Health Organization (WHO). "Poliomyelitis: Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals." WHO, 2023


A 6-month-old infant received an early dose of the MMR vaccine due to an ongoing measles outbreak. What is the best course of action regarding future MMR doses?


A) A second MMR dose is needed at 12 months, followed by a routine booster at school age

B) No additional doses are required if seroconversion is confirmed at 9 months

C) The early dose counts toward the routine schedule, and only one more dose is needed at 18 months

D) The child should receive two more doses at 12 and 18 months because maternal antibodies may have interfered with the early dose

✅ Correct Answer: D) The child should receive two more doses at 12 and 18 months because maternal antibodies may have interfered with the early dose


Explanation:

MMR given before 12 months may have reduced efficacy due to maternal antibodies neutralizing the live virus. Therefore, the early dose does NOT count toward the routine immunization schedule, and the child should still receive two additional doses at 12 and 18 months for optimal immunity.


📖 Source:

● Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccination Recommendations." CDC, 2023

Maltese disease complications

Maltese fever has some complications that may be serious, including:

  • Complications of the nervous system include schizophrenia, inflammation of brain cells, cerebrospinal fluid, etc. These complications are serious and may damage brain cells and convulsions.
  • Heart complications include inflammation of the valves and sometimes myocardium.
  • Hepatitis.
  • Inflammation of the testes and the epididymis.


Maltese disease complications

  • If the patient has noticed the continued heat for more than ten days with the presence of the joints, the doctor should see the necessary tests and then take the appropriate treatment.
  • The delay in diagnosis and failure to take appropriate treatment leads to the possibility of complications and failure to respond to treatment.

Protection:

  • Do not use unpasteurized milk or its derivatives…
  • Pasteurization is not just heating or boiling, but is an integrated process of heating and cooling times specific and organized.
  • Take care when washing your hands thoroughly with soap and water.
  • Inspect the animals regularly by the competent veterinarian and give them the necessary vaccinations.
  • Take into account not to mix animals from different factions with each other and take care of their cleanliness and cleanliness of their estates.